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During , the most recent date for which information is available, 15 criminal charges were brought against servicemen accused of beating their subordinates and disciplinary action was taken against officials. There were also reports of severe hazing in the military forces.

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Interior Prostitutes Volkovysk Vladimir Naumov stated that the Prostitutes Volkovysk population, 52, exceeded total capacity by 20 percent. In many cases, food provided in prisons did not meet minimum medical requirements or accommodate Prostitutes Volkovysk restrictions.

Unlike in previous years, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee reported that food was not denied to Prostitutes Volkovysk during the year.

Valery Levonevsky, an opposition activist jailed for an unauthorized protest, stated that inmates were denied the opportunity to exercise and that food did not meet minimum sanitary Prostitutes Volkovysk.

In Decemberthe Constitutional Court ruled that prisons must consider appeals against prison-imposed punishments; however, prisons refused to consider such appeals on the grounds that there were no laws outlining the procedures Prostitutes Volkovysk handling such appeals.

Tatyana Yelovaya, an activist of the youth group Zubr serving a day sentence for participation in an Prostitutes Volkovysk protest, complained that guards ignored her requests for medical attention for several hours before calling for a doctor, who directed that she be taken to a hospital see Section 2. According to prison Prostitutes Volkovysk, male and female prisoners were held separately. Juveniles were held separately from adults, and pretrial detainees normally were held separately from convicted prisoners; however, due to prison overcrowding, they occasionally were held together.

At times, authorities granted human rights monitors access to observe prison conditions; however, only family members and lawyers were permitted to visit individual prisoners during the year. On October 28, the Ministry of Interior denied the request of several international observers to visit a prison in Mozyr, Gomel Region.

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Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, and Exile The law places limits on arbitrary detention; however, security forces continued to arrest and detain citizens arbitrarily. Such detentions most often were connected with demonstrations, Prostitutes Volkovysk of which the authorities had refused to authorize see Section 2.

Politically motivated Prostitutes Volkovysk continued, although most of those arrested were released within a few hours Prostitutes Volkovysk days. Under the law, the President has the right to subordinate all security bodies to his personal command. The Presidential Guard--created initially to protect Prostitutes Volkovysk officials--continued to act against the political enemies of Lukashenko with no legislative or judicial oversight. Impunity remained a serious problem. The authorities often did not investigate abuses by the security forces or hold the perpetrators accountable.

Credible reports indicated Prostitutes Volkovysk petty corruption among police was widespread. Both the Criminal Procedure and Administrative Codes specify that police may Prostitutes Volkovysk a person for up to 3 hours without providing any explanation for the detention, and the authorities frequently used this provision to detain opposition members and demonstrators.

According to the Criminal Code, police may detain a person suspected of a crime for 24 hours without a warrant, within which Prostitutes Volkovysk the procurator is notified. The procurator then has 48 hours to review the legality of the detention. If the procurator finds that the detention is legal, a suspect may be held for a maximum of 10 days without a formal Prostitutes Volkovysk.

However, once Prostitutes Volkovysk decision is made to hold a suspect, formal charges generally are filed. Once a suspect is charged, a trial must be initiated within 2 months, although in some cases the procurator general may extend pretrial detention to 18 months for further investigation.

Alternatively a suspect who has been charged may be released on a written pledge not to flee, in which case there is no time limit on pretrial investigation. The law gives detainees rather than Prostitutes Volkovysk procurator the right to petition the court to determine the legality of their detention.

In practice, the appeals of suspects seeking court review of their detentions were frequently suppressed because detention officials were unwilling to forward the appeals. No provision for bail exists under the legal code. There was credible evidence that prosecutors charged and courts convicted individuals on false charges.

A Minsk city court sentenced Viacheslav Sivchik to 15 days of administrative detention for participating in a banned protest despite photographic evidence and testimony showing that Sivchik was giving an interview at the time of the protest.

Despite legal Prostitutes Volkovysk, investigators routinely failed to inform detainees of their rights and conducted preliminary interrogations without giving detainees an opportunity to consult counsel. In some cases, the information gained in interrogations conducted without counsel was used against the defendant in court.

Access by Prostitutes Volkovysk members to those detained was at the discretion of the investigators and they frequently were not notified when a family member, even a juvenile, was detained. There were several reports that individuals and members of organizations involved in publishing opposition media were arrested and detained see Section 2.

Unidentified plainclothes officials working for the security services also regularly apprehended and detained individuals engaged in anti-government demonstrations and in the distribution of opposition materials. Security officials also held some detainees incommunicado following demonstrations. In addition to the hundreds of anti-government protesters, many of whom authorities held for several hours or days, authorities Prostitutes Volkovysk held several prominent political detainees for prolonged periods of time in pretrial Prostitutes Volkovysk.

Lengthy pretrial detention was common, Prostitutes Volkovysk statistics on the number of persons in pretrial detention and the average length of such detention were not available. Mikhail Leonov, director general of the MTZ tractor factory, remained in pretrial detention from January until December 23, when he was convicted on embezzlement charges. On June 12, Leonid Kalugin, former director of the Atlant refrigerator factory, was released after 6 months in administrative detention and over 12 months of restricted freedom under the provisions of the Amnesty Law.

On August 22, Viktor Rakhmanko, former chief of Belarusian railroads and member of the upper house of parliament, was convicted of abuse of power and forgery; he was released as his sentence matched the 21 months he had spent in pretrial detention and under house arrest.

While the Constitution does not address forced exile and the authorities did not Prostitutes Volkovysk use forced exile, Prostitutes Volkovysk were credible reports that the Prostitutes Volkovysk services threatened opposition political activists and trade union leaders with criminal prosecution or physical harm if they did not cease their activities and depart the country.

Denial of Fair Public Trial The Constitution provides for an Prostitutes Volkovysk judiciary; however, in practice the judiciary was not independent and was unable to act as Prostitutes Volkovysk check on the executive branch and its agents. The Constitution further subordinated the judiciary to the executive branch by giving the President the power to appoint 6 of the 12 members of the Constitutional Court, including the chairman. The Council of the Republic, which itself is composed of individuals appointed by the President or those deferential to the President, appoints the remaining 6 members.

The President also has the constitutional authority to appoint and dismiss all district and Prostitutes Volkovysk judges. There were reports that some judges attempted to influence defendants to alter their pleas see Prostitutes Volkovysk 1. The criminal justice Prostitutes Volkovysk has three tiers: District courts, regional courts, and the Supreme Prostitutes Volkovysk.

The Constitutional Prostitutes Volkovysk was established to adjudicate serious constitutional issues; however, it was dependent on the executive branch. In practice, it did not challenge presidential initiatives, and had no means of enforcing its decisions. Prostitutes Volkovysk, like the courts, are organized into offices at the district, regional, and republic levels. They ultimately were responsible to and serve at the pleasure of the Procurator General, who was appointed by the Council of the Republic.

Prosecutors were not independent and did not have the authority to bring charges against the President or the Presidential Administration. Both the and Constitutions provide for public trials, Prostitutes Volkovysk there can be exceptions in cases established Prostitutes Volkovysk law for example, in cases of rape or on grounds of national security ; however, the courts frequently held trials in judges' offices, which prevented some interested observers from monitoring certain trials.

Judges adjudicated trials; juries determine innocence or guilt only in the case of capital offenses in which the defendant pleads not guilty and demands a jury trial. Since judges were dependent on the Ministry Prostitutes Volkovysk Justice for sustaining court infrastructure and on local executive branch officials for providing their personal housing, there were widespread Prostitutes Volkovysk credible reports that executive and local authorities dictated the outcome of trials to the courts.

Defendants have the legal right to attend proceedings, confront witnesses, and present evidence on their own behalf; however, in practice these rights were not always respected. The law provides for unlimited access to legal counsel for detainees and that the court appoint one for those who cannot afford a lawyer; however, at times these rights were not respected.

A presidential decree subordinates all lawyers to the Ministry of Justice, which controls the licensing of lawyers; therefore, the bar association also was to a considerable extent under Ministry of Justice MOJ control.

According to international legal experts and human rights monitors, the decree seriously compromised the independence of lawyers from the authorities.

Several lawyers claimed that they were told they would not receive licenses because of their activities in non-governmental organizations NGOs or political parties. Article 62 of the Constitution provides for the right to freely choose legal representation; however, Presidential Decree number 13 prohibits Prostitutes Volkovysk of NGOs from representing individuals other than members of their organizations in court.

This decree was used on several occasions during the year to deny NGO members the right to defend individuals in court and was also used as a pretext to close certain NGOs see Section 4. On April 28, a court in Mogilev refused to permit Barys Bukhel of the human rights NGO Vyasna to represent an Prostitutes Volkovysk in a civil trial, despite the fact that he was Prostitutes Volkovysk as a private citizen. Prostitutes Volkovysk Constitution establishes a Prostitutes Volkovysk of innocence; however, in practice defendants frequently had to prove their innocence.

According to statistics, the latest available, from the Belarusian Helsinki Committee, criminal charges were brought by prosecutors against 59, individuals. Of these, onlyor fewer than 0. Both defendants and prosecutors have the right to appeal court decisions, and most criminal cases were appealed; however, appeals rarely resulted in reversals of verdicts. In an appeal, neither defendants nor witnesses appear before the court; the court merely reviews the protocol and Prostitutes Volkovysk documents Prostitutes Volkovysk the lower court's Prostitutes Volkovysk.

Throughout the year, anti-government protestors arrested after demonstrations were subjected to assembly-line style trials, often without opportunity to exercise their right to counsel or the opportunity to present evidence or call witnesses see Section 2.

There were no reports of political prisoners; however, authorities continued to use administrative measures to detain political activists Prostitutes Volkovysk, during, and after protests. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence The Constitution prohibits such actions; however, these rights were not respected in practice.

The interception of telephone and other communications without a court order is prohibited; however, in practice authorities continued to monitor residences, telephones, and computers. The KGB, MVD, and certain border guard detachments may use wiretaps, but under the law they must obtain a prosecutor's permission before installing them; however, the KGB entered homes, conducted unauthorized searches, and read mail without warrants.

The prosecutor's office exercised no independence from the Government, effectively rendering the due process protections regarding wiretaps meaningless. The Administrative Offenses Code provides penalties for those who obstruct KGB officers in the performance of their duties.

Any effort to prevent KGB officers from entering the premises of Prostitutes Volkovysk company, establishment, or organization Prostitutes Volkovysk an administrative offense, as is any refusal by such entities to allow audits or to deny or restrict access to company information systems and databases.

Contracts used by the Ministry of Communications for supplying telephone service prohibit subscribers from using telephone communications for purposes that run counter to state interests and public order.

The Ministry has the authority to terminate telephone service to those who breach this provision; however, there were no reports during the year that the Ministry exercised this authority. In most circumstances, night searches are prohibited; however, on the night of February 15, ten armed police officers searched the apartment of Valery Levonevsky after he returned from a meeting to plan a series of demonstrations. The officers seized some printed material concerning a presidential decree regulating small business.

Levonevsky claimed the authorities refused to give him Prostitutes Volkovysk copy of the search warrant. Unknown intruders broke into the offices of several prominent opposition members and human rights NGO. Unknown intruders broke into the apartment of Vasily Golovatskikh, an opposition deputy in Prostitutes Volkovysk.

Although both Constitutions affirm the equality of religions and denominations before the law, the Constitution stipulates that cooperation between the state and religious organizations "is regulated with regard for their influence on the formation of spiritual, cultural, and country traditions of the Belarusian people.

Papers were scattered Prostitutes Volkovysk property was damaged but nothing was taken, according to Golovatskikh. Human rights groups widely believed that members of security services perpetrated these break-ins.

Nearly all opposition political figures reported that authorities monitored their activities and conversations; the Government did Prostitutes Volkovysk to refute these reports.

Representatives of certain Prostitutes Volkovysk also said that their conversations and correspondence were monitored routinely by the security services. The Procurator Prostitutes Volkovysk declined to investigate charges of illegal wiretapping brought by members of the opposition. The Presidential Guard or security service reportedly continued to conduct surveillance activities of the President's political opponents.

There was no judicial or legislative oversight of the Presidential Prostitutes Volkovysk budget or activities, and the executive branch repeatedly thwarted attempts to exercise such oversight. Some officials were Prostitutes Volkovysk monitored. Militia officers assigned to stand outside diplomatic missions were known to keep records of visits by political opposition leaders. On March 6, a panel of Minsk City Court judges threw out a complaint by United Civic Party leader Anatoly Lebedko over his detention; plainclothes officers who refused to identify themselves forcibly detained Lebedko near a foreign Embassy.

The officers drove him to the KGB headquarters and issued him a formal warning that he would be charged with treason Prostitutes Volkovysk he did not cease his contacts with foreigners. Some opposition figures expressed reluctance to visit foreign embassies due to fear of reprisals. Harassment in the form of inspections by security officials and confiscation of political literature, Prostitutes Volkovysk without warrants, was widespread.

Targets included opposition candidates and their supporters. On September 30, customs officials searched the vehicle of Valery Frolov and Vladimir Parfenovich, members of the parliamentary opposition group Respublika, as it crossed the border from Prostitutes Volkovysk. As Members of Parliament, both Frolov and Parfenovich claimed they enjoyed immunity from such searches, though such immunity is not outlined in the law. The director of the State Customs Committee stated that he ordered the search and claimed that at the state border there were no immune persons, and that he would search any vehicle he deemed Prostitutes Volkovysk.

On March 23, the wife and 7-year-old son of Viacheslav Sivchik were detained prior to a protest in which Viacheslav Sivchik participated. This was considered a move to pressure Sivchik not to participate in the protest. There were credible reports that the trials of Alexandr Chigir on charges of Prostitutes Volkovysk theft and assisting in car hijacking were related to the political activity of his father, former Prime Minister Mikhail Chigir.

Human rights observers widely believed that his 6-year sentence was disproportionate to the allegations of wrongdoing. On May 16, authorities brought new charges against Mikhail Chigir, claiming that there was new information on Chigir's illegal activity; the trial was suspended and no further action had been taken by year's end.

Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including: a. Freedom of Speech and Press Both the and Constitutions provide for freedom of speech as well as the freedom to receive, retain, and disseminate information; however, the Government restricted these rights in practice.

Laws and decrees restrict freedom of expression by limiting citizens' use of symbols and words Prostitutes Volkovysk posters and by overly broad interpretation of libel laws to restrict criticism of government officials and activities. During Prostitutes Volkovysk year, the Government engaged in an apparently calculated campaign to restrict media freedom.

The Government continued to make use of Prostitutes Volkovysk monopoly on television broadcasting to present biased Prostitutes Volkovysk coverage and to minimize the presentation of opposing points of view. On September 9, President Lukashenko called upon mass media to be used as an instrument for promoting a pro-government state ideology see Section 3.

The executive branch continued its suppression of freedom of speech. A presidential decree prohibits a range of broadly defined activities and limits freedom of expression. The decree prohibits individuals from carrying placards or flags bearing Prostitutes Volkovysk that are not officially registered with the State, as well as emblems, symbols, and posters that intend to harm the State and public order or rights and legal Prostitutes Volkovysk of the citizens. The decree also prohibits activities that demean state authorities.

This decree was used to prosecute and fine those carrying Prostitutes Volkovysk emphasizing the country's independence, such as the pre-Lukashenko red and white flag.

Throughout the year, authorities fined, warned, or jailed members of the media, members of opposition and religious groups, and others who publicly criticized the Government. The defamation law makes no distinction between private and public persons in lawsuits concerning defamation of character. A public figure who was criticized for poor performance in office by a media outlet may ask the prosecutor to sue both the journalist and media outlet that printed the criticism. The authorities undertook numerous actions during the year intended to hamper the opposition media.

These included the continued use of: Libel laws, limitations on foreign funding, pressure on businesses not to advertise with independent media, limitations on access to newsprint and printing presses, censorship, restrictions on the Prostitutes Volkovysk of media-related materials, Prostitutes Volkovysk suspension of independent and opposition periodicals, and detention of those distributing such material. The newspapers and other print media with the largest circulation were state-owned, although there Prostitutes Volkovysk were a number of independent publications, some of which were Prostitutes Volkovysk of the Government.

Independent newspapers were available widely in Minsk, but outside of the capital, variety was limited to the state-run national newspaper and local newspapers, only some of which were independent. All nationally available radio and television broadcasts originating in the country were government-owned, although some broadcasts from other Prostitutes Volkovysk, including Russia, Poland, and Lithuania, could be received in many parts of the country. The Prostitutes Volkovysk state-run television networks ONT and Prostitutes Volkovysk Television were the only Prostitutes Volkovysk to broadcast Prostitutes Volkovysk.

Both regularly featured reporting that was biased heavily in favor of the Government, sharply critical of Prostitutes Volkovysk politicians and organizations, and failed Prostitutes Volkovysk provide an outlet for opposing viewpoints. In October, a third Prostitutes Volkovysk television station, LAD, was established that broadcast to over half of the country, using a channel formerly used by the popular Russian television network Kultura and other Russian state television channels.

Local, independent television stations operated in some areas and reported local news relatively unhindered by the authorities; however, most of these stations reported that they were under pressure not to report on national level issues or were subject to censorship.

All foreign media correspondents are required to register with the Ministry of Prostitutes Volkovysk Affairs. There were no known instances of journalists denied registration during the year.

Unlike inthere were no incidents in which the independent journalists were beaten. There was no indication that the authorities would investigate or prosecute those responsible for the beatings in of Oleg Suprunyuk, Yuri Grimenyuk, or Stanislav Pochobut.

On November 29, police detained eight opposition activists for distributing a questionnaire for a street poll about a possible referendum to enable President Lukashenko to run for a third presidential term. The detained activists, including prominent opposition politician Lyudmila Gryaznova, were charged with distributing unregistered print materials.

None of the other activists appeared at their trials, and at year's end, did not encounter any other legal problems. In September, the Government released the text of a draft media law that would require Prostitutes Volkovysk outlets, including Internet outlets, to reregister with the Prostitutes Volkovysk, refute any Prostitutes Volkovysk considered false and libelous, and stipulate that journalists may be stripped of their accreditation should they publish such information.

The draft law also includes provisions that severely limit the provision of international financial assistance to media outlets, prevents media outlets from publishing materials from unregistered organizations, and requires journalists to "truthfully" report in their articles.

During the year, the Government refused all attempts to engage in public discussion of the draft law, which was not discussed during the fall parliamentary session. In April, Novikova received a 2-year suspended sentence for distributing leaflets critical of Lukashenko at a metro station.

By year's end, Novokiva faced additional charges after holding similar demonstrations on November 24 and December The Government's use of presidential decrees was another obstacle for independent press.

A presidential decree "On Improving the System of Receipt and Use of Humanitarian Assistance," allegedly aimed at stopping foreign-supported seditious activity, specifically prohibits foreign-supported activities directed at alteration of the constitutional order, overthrow of state power, or encouragement of such activities; preparation, administration, and organization of elections, referenda, organization of meetings, rallies, demonstrations, pickets, strikes, publication, and distribution of promotional materials, organization of seminars, and other types of promotional activities involving the population.

The decree was the basis for a nationwide crackdown during the electoral campaign on independent media outlets and independent NGOs, many, if not most, Prostitutes Volkovysk which were supported by the international community. The Government utilized tax inspections, safety inspections, and confiscation of printed matter and equipment to immobilize much of the pro-democratic opposition throughout the campaign, thus severely restricting freedoms of speech and expression see Section 1.

On May 28, local authorities in Borisov ordered state-owned stores to stop the sale of all publications that did not have a special license. Independent newspapers complained that the process of Prostitutes Volkovysk such Prostitutes Volkovysk, which require the approval of 20 local agencies, was difficult and expensive.

Authorities continued to pressure independent newspapers. The Prostitutes Volkovysk specifies that the Government may close down a publication after two warnings. Regulatory provisions grant authorities power to ban and censor critical reporting; for Prostitutes Volkovysk, the State Committee on the Press was given authority to suspend the publication of periodicals or newspapers for Prostitutes Volkovysk months without a court ruling.

Amendments to the law prohibit the media from disseminating information on behalf of political parties, trade unions, and NGOs that are not registered with the MOJ. On May 28, the Ministry of Information suspended the popular independent newspaper Belaruskaya Delovaya Gazeta BDG after giving the newspaper two warnings for articles critical of the Government. Prostitutes Volkovysk articles reported on the use of President Lukashenko's personal airplane by a Russian model who had visited Lukashenko and provided information about the trials of Mikhail Leonov, Prostitutes Volkovysk director of the Minsk Tractor Factory, and Viktor Kazeko, former President of the Belarusian State Food Industry Concern.

The Government allowed BDG to resume publishing and distribution activities in August; however, BDG was unable to find a printing press in the country willing Prostitutes Volkovysk print the newspaper and was forced to use a Prostitutes Volkovysk press in Russia.

Following BDG's suspension, the Government undertook what appeared to be a systematic campaign to punish any entity that printed or published BDG articles through suspensions, fines, personnel dismissals, and deprivation of access to printing presses.

Actions included the June 4 suspensions of the independent trade union paper, Solidarnasts, the independent newspaper Navinki, and the newspaper Echo, all of which had provided space for BDG's articles. Vladimir Telesh, the director of the printing press that printed Solidarnasts, Navinki, and Ekho was fired from his position for Prostitutes Volkovysk "failure to meet the provisions of the contract Prostitutes Volkovysk accordance with the existing law.

On July 22, a state-run printing house in Slonim refused to continue printing the independent newspaper Mestnaya Gazeta Shag after it began printing BDG's articles in its paper. After their suspensions ended, none of these newspapers were able to secure contracts with local printing presses. On September 23, the Minsk Regional Economic Court Prostitutes Volkovysk a decision by the Minsk Oblast Executive Committee to liquidate Mestnoye Vremya Press Ltd, the owner of the independent newspaper Mestnoye Vremya, allegedly for failing to provide notification of the company's change of address and charter.

Security forces arbitrarily arrested and detained citizens, and the number of politically motivated detentions remained high, although most of these detentions were for short periods.

The decision was made despite the fact that in April, the Minsk City Economic Court had overruled the decision and ordered the restoration of the company's registration. Ulan Prostitutes Volkovysk stripped of his status as an individual entrepreneur. Following the court's ruling, the Lida Prostitutes Volkovysk of the Belarusian Language Society published the newspaper until July, when Ulan's wife took over as publisher of the newspaper.

On October 2, the Ministry of Information suspended publication of the newspaper for up to 3 months alleging that Ulan's wife Prostitutes Volkovysk no right to engage in publishing activities, despite existing legislation that allows individuals and legal Prostitutes Volkovysk to publish newspapers.

The decision was made despite the fact that Ulan's wife also had successfully Prostitutes Volkovysk attempts by local authorities to deny her registeration as an individual entrepreneur, which granted her the right to engage in newspaper publication.

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In November, Ulan's wife filed a lawsuit in the Grodno regional economic Prostitutes Volkovysk against the local authorities' decision against her. The case was then Prostitutes Volkovysk to the Supreme Economic Court. On December 24, police detained a minibus carrying 5, issues of the independent newspaper Mestnaya Gazeta. Romulad Ulan and the driver were forced to go to the police station but were released 2 hours later when police were unable to find any legal violations.

On December 26, police sealed the newspaper's offices after fire safety officials determined that Prostitutes Volkovysk fire safety code violations found on December 23 had not been rectified. However, fire safety officials in Grodno later determined that the local fire safety officials had exceeded their authority and the offices were unsealed on December On July 28, the Ministry of Information annulled the registration of the independent newspaper Den, because the newspaper had not published within 1 year of its last issue.

On August 26, the Ministry of Information revoked its annulment after it became aware that the newspaper had published an issue of the paper Prostitutes Volkovysk the past year. Despite being allowed to resume publication, Den Prostitutes Volkovysk unable to secure an agreement with printing presses Prostitutes Volkovysk publish the newspaper.

On November 27, Prostitutes Volkovysk Presidential Administration successfully insisted that as a condition of President Lukashenko's appearance on a televised live debate on a Russian television show called Freedom of Speech, the station remove 21 representatives of independent media and civil society from the list Prostitutes Volkovysk intended participants.

On December 27, BSTRC granted the state-owned news agency Prostitutes Volkovysk the exclusive right to distribute weekly television listings through media outlets starting January 1, The decision, Prostitutes Volkovysk by the Presidential Administration, raised fears among independent newspapers that they will be denied access to these listings and may face a decline in readership of their newspapers. The independent press is prohibited by presidential decree from using the country's name in its titles.

The decree on "the Use by Legal Entities of the Name of the Republic" allows only legal entities specially authorized by the President to use the name of the country in their titles. Another presidential decree declares all editors-in-chief of state-supported newspapers to be state employees and members of their respective local-level government councils. Another decree grants the Ministry of Press the authority to assign graduates of state-supported journalism schools to work in state-owned media organizations as a way to repay their schooling.

Beginning on June 7, all radio stations were required to forward copies of the news stories and play lists they had broadcast to the Ministry of Information. On January 2, the SCC seized audio and video recording equipment from the office of the Belarusian Union of Filmmakers that was donated by a Russian company on the grounds that the organization improperly prepared documents proving ownership and customs clearance of the equipment.

After Prostitutes Volkovysk Government Prostitutes Volkovysk a decree in transferring responsibility for registering electronic media from the Ministry of Communications to the Ministry of Information, all electronic media outlets were required to reregister with Prostitutes Volkovysk Ministry of Information.

According to the Belarusian Association of Journalists, the authorities did Prostitutes Volkovysk reject any reregistration applications from electronic media Prostitutes Volkovysk. The law Prostitutes Volkovysk for punishment of public insults Prostitutes Volkovysk libel against the President by up to 4 years in prison, 2 years of khimya detention in internal exile Prostitutes Volkovysk, or by a large fine. The authorities Prostitutes Volkovysk continued to make use of the articles in the Criminal Code that prohibit slandering and insulting the President or officials to stifle press freedom.

The Criminal Code provides for a maximum penalty of 5 years' imprisonment for such offenses. According to Prostitutes Volkovysk Belarusian Association of Journalists BAJ President Zhana Litvina, the laws penalizing slander of officials effectively imposed a ban on press criticism of the Government. On September 2, the Constitutional Court, in response to a BAJ petition in July, asked the National Assembly for clarification of these articles, and suggested adding a clause decriminalizing criticism of officials if it does not defame or dishonor them, or use offensive language.

However, the National Assembly took no action by year's end. In March, Prostitutes Volkovysk Markevich, editor in chief of the opposition newspaper Pahonia, and Pahonia journalist Pavel Mozheiko were released from their respective detention facilities in Osipovichi and Zhlobin.

They were sentenced to 2. In December, Viktor Ivashkevich, editor-in-chief of the opposition newspaper Rabochi, was released--his sentence was reduced from 2 years to 1 year. The journalists all qualified for early release based upon normal practice.

On February 24, the Ministry of Information ordered the opposition newspaper Vcherny Stolin to suspend its printing activities for 3 months for alleged "flagrant violations" of the law, inciting social intolerance, and publishing classified material about a police investigation into corruption in the local government without permission.

The Ministry also cited the newspaper's failure to properly report Prostitutes Volkovysk the newspaper was Prostitutes Volkovysk the Prostitutes Volkovysk of its reporting from economic issues to political issues. On March 8, following Vcherny Stolin's suspension, Alexander Ignatyuk, editor-in-chief of Vcherny Stolin, launched another newspaper, Provintsialka, which continued to provide critical reporting of local officials.

On April 18, the Ministry of Information suspended Provintsialka for 3 months on the Prostitutes Volkovysk that Provintsialka Prostitutes Volkovysk its advertising limit.

The Ministry of Information gave Vcherny Prostitutes Volkovysk permission to resume publishing so that Ignatyuk could generate income to pay his fines. Publication was resumed in April.

In addition to the March 8 fine, local officials who were accused of corruption and abuse of power sued Ignatyuk on three other occasions during the year. On November 17, a Minsk City Appeals Court panel levied heavy libel fines against the country's largest daily independent newspaper Narodnaya Volya and two journalists for an article written 2 years ago. The appellate court increased the amount of damages three to five times over what a lower court previously levied against the newspaper and the journalists.

It made this decision in spite of the Prostitutes Volkovysk prosecutor's legal opinion that the fine far Prostitutes Volkovysk the damages suffered by Prostitutes Volkovysk complainant.

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In response to Khalip's articles about official investigations into the alleged corrupt business practices of Viktor Kozeko, the former head of a large state-owned food concern, Belgospisheprom, and his son. At year's Prostitutes Volkovysk, no further developments had occurred. On June 28, the Ministry Prostitutes Volkovysk Interior expelled Pavel Selin, a journalist with the Russian television station NTV and banned him from returning to the country for 5 years.

The expulsion order came following Selin's reporting on Prostitutes Volkovysk June 25 funeral of the prominent Belarusian writer Vasili Bykov. Selin's report described police efforts to interrupt Bykov's funeral procession, the refusal of officials to participate in the funeral along with opposition figures, and Bykov's wife's problems in obtaining residential registration. At year's end, NTV did not issue an apology and its Minsk office remained closed.

Prior to the March 2 local elections, on February 6, one radio station Prostitutes Volkovysk Vitebsk denied a local opposition candidate the opportunity to address radio listeners on a radio program, although three other candidates were able to do so.

According to the BAJ, independent newspapers in the provinces engaged in self-censorship. During a March visit to Orsha, Culture Minister Leonid Guliaka ordered the removal of several opposition and independent newspapers including Narodnaya Volya and BDG from a local library because "damaging opposition press has no business in a cultural center. On July 6, officials from the Ministry of Culture and the Minsk City Executive Committee ordered the removal of a painting by Alexei Marochkin Prostitutes Volkovysk an art exhibit marking the th anniversary of the coronation of Grand Duke Minduah, the founder of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

The Prostitutes Volkovysk depicted a critical comparison between Lukashenko and Duke Minduah. Although there were several Internet service providers in Prostitutes Volkovysk country, they were all state controlled.

The Government's monopoly on Internet service resulted in high prices, poor quality, limited service, and allowed the Government to monitor practically all e-mail.

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Unlike in Prostitutes Volkovysk years, there were no confirmed instances of authorities selectively cutting off Internet access. In June, hackers attacked a website that posted a copy of a book critical Prostitutes Volkovysk President Lukashenko.

In addition to restrictions placed on the media, the Government continued to restrict academic freedom. University administrators Prostitutes Volkovysk and strongly discouraged research into politically sensitive subjects, such Prostitutes Volkovysk the country's independence movement during the Soviet Prostitutes Volkovysk, a theme that is seen to challenge the Government's policy of integration with Russia see Section 1.

All independent, non-state, academic institutions are required to Prostitutes Volkovysk special permission from the authorities to hold educational seminars or lectures. There were also credible reports that independent universities engaged in self-censorship.

According to Prostitutes Volkovysk Lukashenko, educational institutions are to serve as the centers of promoting the new state ideology, with teachers to become "active propagandists.

The Government also Prostitutes Volkovysk to harass students engaged in anti-government Prostitutes Volkovysk, such as demonstrations see Section 2. In at least one instance, the university's administration warned students at Belarusian State Technology University that they would be deprived of their benefits and stipends if they did not join the BRYM.

During the year, government efforts to close educational institutions that promoted Belarusian and Jewish studies led many in these respective groups to believe that the Government sought to prevent teaching in the Belarusian language and the teaching of Prostitutes Volkovysk see Sections 2.

Freedom of Peaceful Assembly Prostitutes Volkovysk Association The and Constitutions both provide for freedom of peaceful assembly; however, the Government severely restricted this right in Prostitutes Volkovysk. Following many unsanctioned demonstrations, police and other security officials beat, detained, and attempted to coerce confessions from some demonstrators.

Organizers must apply at Prostitutes Volkovysk 15 days in advance to local officials for permission to conduct a demonstration, rally, or meeting. Under the law, the local government must respond with a decision no Prostitutes Volkovysk than 5 days prior to the scheduled event.

However, Prostitutes Volkovysk permits were not routinely issued during the year. Beginning with the September elections, most permits either have not been granted or have been granted only for demonstrations in obscure, hard-to-reach locations. On August 29, a law on demonstrations took effect that further restricts citizens' ability to assemble peacefully, and allows the Government to close Prostitutes Volkovysk organization after a single violation of the law.

The Prostitutes Volkovysk law was Prostitutes Volkovysk to codify a Presidential decree that Prostitutes Volkovysk demonstrations by unregistered organizations, limited participation to under 1, persons, and prohibited the wearing of masks Prostitutes Volkovysk use of unregistered flags, symbols, and placards bearing messages deemed threatening to the state or public order see Section 2.

According to members of opposition parties, authorities frequently denied Prostitutes Volkovysk to opposition groups to meet in public buildings. Nevertheless, public demonstrations occurred frequently in Minsk, varying in size from a few participants to several thousand.

However, they were always under strict surveillance by the authorities, including open videotaping of the participants by the police and plainclothes security officers. Demonstrations also occurred in other parts of the country although less frequently, particularly in eastern areas close to the border with Russia. On February 14, police broke up an opposition march that was attended by 50 persons and organized by the unregistered youth movement Malady Front.

On February 17, five members of Malady Front, including Malady Front leader Pavel Severinets, were sentenced to 5 to 15 days' imprisonment. Following the March 12 "People's March for a Better Life" demonstration, authorities arrested and convicted several of its organizers. During a Prostitutes Volkovysk 23 demonstration marking the anniversary of the foundation of the Belarusian National Republic, police arrested approximately 50 persons including Belarusian Popular Front leaders Vintsuk Vyachorka and BPF activist Vladimir Kishkurnko, as well as members of other opposition parties.

Many were released Prostitutes Volkovysk a few hours, but 23 were convicted of participating in an unauthorized rally, and 10 of those convicted, including Vyachorka, Kishkurno, and Vyacheslav Sivchiuk, were sentenced to up to 15 days' imprisonment; 6 participants were heavily fined; and 7 received warnings.

Valentin Baranov, an organizer of the March 23 demonstration, was sentenced to 14 days' imprisonment. Baranov had received a day sentence on March 24, and again on April 25, for his Prostitutes Volkovysk in the March 23 demonstration. After the Prostitutes Volkovysk, Baranov, complaining of ill health, was hospitalized and his sentence was cancelled.

However, his case was subsequently returned to court, Prostitutes Volkovysk reintroduced the charges against him. On April 3, police detained approximately 15 members of the unregistered youth movement Zubr after they held an unsanctioned demonstration outside of a foreign embassy in Minsk in Prostitutes Volkovysk of Operation Iraqi Freedom. One participant was sentenced to days' imprisonment, while two received warnings.

A fourth person, Tatyana Yelovaya, went into hiding and was sentenced in absentia to 10 days imprisonment. On June 18, Yelovaya was arrested at her university after she finished taking her final exams. On June 20, Yelovaya was rushed to a hospital and Prostitutes Volkovysk medical treatment after developing an infection Prostitutes Volkovysk in detention. After receiving treatment, Yelovaya was released from the Prostitutes Volkovysk and went into hiding.

At year's end, Yelovaya remained in hiding. On October 1, Anatoly Shumchenko, leader of the Perspectiva business association, was arrested and sentenced to 5 days imprisonment for his involvement in organizing a September 3 demonstration in front of a Minsk district administration building to protest the city authority's pressure on kiosk owners.

On October 30, Alexander Bukhvostov, leader of the Belarusian Union of Automobile and Agricultural Implement Workers, was sentenced to 10 days' imprisonment for attempting to demonstrate against increased government violations of workers Prostitutes Volkovysk in downtown Minsk see Section 6.

Prostitutes Volkovysk November 10, Artur Finkevich, a member of the unregistered Prostitutes Volkovysk organization Malady Front, was detained for distributing leaflets promoting a November 24 demonstration that ostensibly Prostitutes Volkovysk required publication information. After being released on November 11, Finkevich was again arrested Prostitutes Volkovysk November 12 for distributing similar leaflets and was sentenced to 15 days' imprisonment.

After completing his term, Finkevich was immediately tried for his November 10 arrest and was sentenced to 15 days' imprisonment. On November 24, 17 persons were arrested in downtown Minsk for participating in an unauthorized demonstrating against possible plans to hold a referendum to allow President Lukashenko to run for president a third time.

Two of those arrested were sentenced to 15 days imprisonment and another demonstrator was sentenced to 5 days imprisonment. Twelve minors who were detained during the demonstration were released. Most of those released ignored subpoenas to appear before court. On December 2, Prostitutes Volkovysk oblast authorities prohibited the Belarusian Party of Communists from staging demonstrations Prostitutes Volkovysk the oblast to protest a sharp rise in utility rates in the oblast. On December 20, approximately 20 members of the unregistered youth organization Zubr held an unsanctioned outdoor vigil to mark the death of Andrei Zaitsev, a former member of Zubr, who committed suicide in after alleging that the KGB attempted to recruit him.

On December 22, a Gomel court sentenced five members of Zubr to 5 days' imprisonment for participating in the event. Unlike in previous years, there were no Prostitutes Volkovysk that police beating demonstrators during protests. However, there were reports that police violently pulled demonstrators to police vans as they were detaining demonstrators. The Constitution provides for freedom of association; however, authorities severely restricted this right in practice.

During the pre-election period inthe authorities regularly harassed members and supporters of opposition parties and confiscated leaflets and publications see Section 3. Authorities also continued to attempt to impose severe limitations on the activities of NGOs see Prostitutes Volkovysk 4.

During the year, the unregistered Prostitutes Volkovysk of Belarusian Students reported that members of the organization, like other students, were pressured to join the government organized Belarusian Republican Youth Movement.

Employees at state-run enterprises were discouraged from joining independent trade unions see Section 6. According to the law, NGOs, political parties, and trade unions are required to register with authorities and it is illegal to work with Prostitutes Volkovysk unregistered NGO.

Presidential decree 24, issued on November 28, stipulates that international Prostitutes Volkovysk can be granted to, or accepted by, an organization that is registered with the Ministry of Economy. Interim activities that had previously been legal while registration was pending are now prohibited. The new decree would essentially freeze the activities of foreign-sponsored NGOs for as long as the reregistration process was prolonged.

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Decree 24 also specifies that any local body that receives "illegal" foreign aid, including from an unregistered NGO, be closed after just one violation. Private organizations are prohibited by regulation from using private residences as Prostitutes Volkovysk legal Prostitutes Volkovysk.

In light Prostitutes Volkovysk government control or ownership of Prostitutes Volkovysk office buildings, the regulations had the effect of complicating the reregistration process by making nonresidential addresses difficult to establish.

After the reregistration process had begun, the authorities announced that in addition to registering, organizations would have to alter their charters to indicate recognition of the Constitution and to exclude the words Prostitutes Volkovysk or "national" from their titles. Inan amendment to the Law on Public Associations codified this announcement by prohibiting Prostitutes Volkovysk and social organizations from using the words "Belarus," "Republic Prostitutes Volkovysk Belarus," "national," or "popular" in their titles.

Although most of the major political parties and unions that applied were allowed to reregister, the Assembly of Belarusian Pro-democratic NGOs reported that only 1, or 57 percent, of the NGOs in existence when the reregistration law went into effect, were reregistered by the summer of The MOJ rejected a total of NGOs for reregistration on various grounds, and 31 were in the Prostitutes Volkovysk of reregistering at year's end. According to statistics from the MOJ, during the year regional branches of trade Prostitutes Volkovysk, regional branches of social associations, and regional branches of political parties were registered.

The same statistics indicate that the MOJ liquidated 51 NGOs, many of which have been actively involved in promoting civil society and human rights. According to one human Prostitutes Volkovysk NGO, most of the organizations that were registered during the year dealt with sports and entrepreneurial interests and none of the registered organizations promoted civil society.

During the year, the MOJ challenged the registration of several opposition parties and NGOs over Prostitutes Volkovysk legal addresses. Prostitutes Volkovysk organizations were unable to obtain space in office buildings since many locations were either owned by the Government or were too expensive.

Instead, they must operate out of private apartments that the Government did not consider legal addresses. The Assembly, the country's largest Prostitutes Volkovysk umbrella organization, complained that it had applied for registration in Aprilbut the MOJ decided the matter only on October 14 the law requires that the MOJ render a decision in 1 month.

The MOJ argued that the organization had provided an Prostitutes Volkovysk address in its founding documents and that several of its constituent associations were dissolved while the MOJ was considering the application. Ales Belyatsky, one of the organization's founders, said that the organization would continue functioning without registration, as it has been doing for the past 5 years.

On October 16, Justice Minister Viktor Golovanov said that recent closures of NGOs were part of his agency's "purposeful work" to enforce the law on the third sector. He denied that the NGOs were closed by the order from a higher authority. Golovanov said that the MOJ's "purposeful work" was also targeted at courts, notary publics, and political parties.

On October 28, the Vyasna Human Rights Center was liquidated after the Prostitutes Volkovysk accused the organization of forging signatures of its members as it was reregistering. In addition, Vyasna was charged with failure to collect dues from Vyasna members, and representing non-Vyasna members in court. Although Vyasna successfully refuted the Ministry of Justice's charges, the court nevertheless liquidated Vyasna based upon a warning Vyasna received during its observation Prostitutes Volkovysk the presidential elections.

On October 21, the Ministry of Justice refused to register the Belarusian Democratic Party, founded by Valentina Polevikova, former Chairwoman of the Belarusian Women's Party, ostensibly on the grounds that the party would not be able to fulfill its party program of securing the interests of families and women. The Ministry of Justice noted that the Prostitutes Volkovysk of Prostitutes Volkovysk among the 1, members of the party prevented the party from being able to achieve its goals.

On October 23, the Lower House of Parliament announced that the parliamentary faction Respublika faction was formally liquidated. The faction, which was pro-democratic, had only 6 members rather than the required They vowed to continue their activities despite Prostitutes Volkovysk ban and death threats members have received. On November 11, the Supreme Court liquidated the Association of Young Entrepreneurs for irregularities during its registration process in The NGO focused on education activities, published a bulletin, and provided legal Prostitutes Volkovysk to young persons involved in small businesses.

The organization filed its application on July The MOJ replied on November 17, more than 3 months after the deadline stipulated by law, that the Young Social Democrats were denied registration because Prostitutes Volkovysk of the purposes stated in their charter was to promote political, cultural, and universally recognized human values among youth.

Freedom of Religion The and Constitutions provide Prostitutes Volkovysk freedom of religion; however, the Government restricted this right in practice. Although both Constitutions affirm the equality of religions and denominations before the Prostitutes Volkovysk, the Constitution stipulates that cooperation Prostitutes Volkovysk the state and religious organizations Prostitutes Volkovysk regulated with regard for their influence on the formation of spiritual, cultural, and country traditions of the Belarusian people.

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The Concordat provides the BOC autonomy in its internal affairs and the ability to fulfill all religious rights, as well Prostitutes Volkovysk the right to consider itself in a special relationship with Prostitutes Volkovysk State.

It recognizes the BOC's "influence on the formulation of spiritual, cultural, and national traditions of the Belarusian people. Although it states that the agreement will not limit the religious freedoms of other faiths, the Concordat calls for the Government and the BOC to combat unnamed "pseudo-religious structures that present a danger to individuals and society.

The law contains a Prostitutes Volkovysk of very restrictive elements, which observers feared would be used to Prostitutes Volkovysk and to prevent the activities of religious groups other than the BOC. Under the law, all religious organizations must undergo compulsory reregistration by Novemberwith specific requirements for membership size and Prostitutes Volkovysk of activity for religious groups.

Government officials stated publicly that no organization that was registered when the law was enacted would lose its registration status even if it failed to meet the new criteria, but the leaders of some minority religious groups were skeptical of this assurance. In addition, the law restricts the ability of registered religious organizations to conduct religious education, requires all religious groups to receive governmental approval to distribute literature, and prevents foreigners from Prostitutes Volkovysk religious organizations.

First	City	State	Code	Nude massage	Orgasm massage	Girls
Prostitutes Volkovysk	Volkovysk	Grodnenskaya	BY	2473	yes	yes
02.09.2001	57	GIJN	18	GIJN	GIJN	no
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