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We designed to continue recruiting new batches of FSWs and interview them until the saturation point was reached. The Sauti program defined a sex worker as someone whose primary source of Prostitutes Dar es Salaam is sex work. Peer referral sampling strategies were used to recruit participants for IDI. The first batch of participants constituted the most influential and peer leaders of FSWs.

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After the initial interviews, participants were asked to recruit up to three FSWs from their networks. Similar to the procedure used to recruit participants for IDI, we employed snowball peer referral sampling to recruit participants for PGD sessions.

A total of 21 PGD sessions were conducted involving participants. Data collection was conducted by six interviewers experienced in Prostitutes Dar es Salaam research methods. Before data collection, the interviewers Prostitutes Dar es Salaam a 2 weeks training, which covered issues related to the principles of research ethics, consenting procedures, confidentiality and techniques to elicit sensitive information through face to face interviews.

Also, this training included a practical session to orient researchers to study tools and conduct Prostitutes Dar es Salaam interviews. A moderator and a note-taker facilitated PGD sessions. Each PGD session involved between eight to twelve participants. Data collection and analysis took place concurrently. The field notes were typed onto laptops and together with the audio recordings transferred to NIMR server daily via a secure file transfer protocol. These written notes and verbal reports enabled the senior researchers to identify key themes to facilitate an iterative process of data collection and analysis.

Through these consultations, the senior researchers were also able to track if there were protocol deviations or any other inconsistency of data collection. All audio files were transcribed verbatim in Kiswahili and translated into English. The written notes were typed and merged with corresponding transcribed texts. A cascading process was used to analyze data.

In this narrative, the researchers used a deductive approach to identify themes of interest. The predetermined a priori coding themes were Prostitutes Dar es Salaam during the study design stage. The final coding themes were developed by combining the predetermined and new ones that emerged during preliminary content analysis Table 1. The second stage of analysis consisted of transferring the compiled data by themes into the qualitative software NVivo 11which allowed the identification of regularities and patterns.

The conclusions were drawn based on predetermined and emerging themes, Prostitutes Dar es Salaam, patterns, and causal flows towards study objectives. Table 1 presents themes, analytical categories and sub-categories developed for data analysis. One hundred forty-six participants Sixty-three per cent of FSWs solicited Prostitutes Dar es Salaam clients from recreational facilities e.

Knowledge about the availability of HIV testing and testing practices was generally high, where Of those who tested, Over half FSWs thought the availability of HIVST would minimize dependency on health workers, and inconveniences they encounter when seeking services from the health facilities. We shall test promptly without any delay. The participants believed that the introduction of Prostitutes Dar es Salaam would also help to mitigate stigma and discrimination ascribed to sex work and the people living with HIV.

People are not trustful. You cannot even trust your siblings. FSWs who had already visited health facilities for HTS reported that HIV testing involved prolonged biomedical protocol before they receive their test results.

Participants reported that they would be willing to contribute a modest amount of money to access HIVST. A participant further describes this:. Participants would like to see HIVST kits to be available in nearby pharmacies highest priorityprivate health facilities medium priority and public health facilities lowest priority. Alternatively, Prostitutes Dar es Salaam preferred the test kits to be available in informal sites including community spots, guesthouses, public washrooms and pubs, or through community based organisations CBOs serving FSWs.

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Adverse social norms and stigmatizing narratives toward HIV and people Prostitutes Dar es Salaam with HIV were described as barriers to self-testing. Participants acknowledged their own increased risk for Prostitutes Dar es Salaam infection due to their involvement in high-risk sexual behaviour. Consequently, FSWs reported fear of self-testing, because they suspected themselves to be already infected with HIV and were not able to cope with the reactive test.

Few participants thought the availability of self-testing services would lead to a deliberate spread of HIV. Most of the women involved in sex work are not safe […].

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Despite considerable support for HIVST, several considerations were expressed about potential adverse outcomes related to Prostitutes Dar es Salaam an HIV test without oversight by trained professionals.

When people discover that they have HIV, they always get shocked. Having HIV may Prostitutes Dar es Salaam people to commit suicide. Some participants were sceptical about the credibility an individual would put in a result obtained by oneself.

Some participants wondered that availability of HIVST kits might encourage male partners to force their spouses to test and disclose Prostitutes Dar es Salaam status. The main concern was the potential for physical harm or psychological distress in case of discordant HIV results within a couple. Although the majority of study participants lacked the experience of using HIVST, they demonstrated great enthusiasm towards using the approach once available.

This discrimination impacts health care seeking, as documented in a study where FSWs reported to be treated poorly by health care providers [ 48 ]. In our study, participants related stigma to both fatalistic attitudes i.

Thus, programs need to address these widely shared attitudes, as well as stigma and other structural barriers to HIV care at an individual level.

Lili, a year-old prostitute, waits for a customer along one of the many passageways surrounding Hyena Square in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's. In Tanzania, prostitution is considered as a mere misdemeanor under the country's penal code. The government had been reluctant to push for.

Participants in Prostitutes Dar es Salaam study believed that the introduction of HIVST would bring a major change in the HTS landscape by minimizing dependence on health workers and saving time and money on testing. The concerns about direct and opportunity costs have been echoed by a study Prostitutes Dar es Salaam looked at obstacles to syphilis diagnosis and treatment in Tanzania [ 50 ].

This makes programmers optimistic that it could similarly occur in Tanzania after the introduction of the service. The most prominent concern was that HIVST could cause adverse social outcomes, including psychological distress, partner violence and even suicide. The fear of potential social and psychological harm related to the absence of pre-testing counselling has also been reported in Kenya and South Africa [ 5354 ].

Prostitutes Dar es Salaam, this fear may be more of a perception than a reality since a recent systematic review did not find any strong evidence that HIVST leads to serious social harm partner violence and suicides [ 55 ]. Nevertheless, any risk of harm must be taken seriously. Thus, the rollout of HIVST among FSWs should follow all current evidence and guidelines to reduce the risk of harm, keeping in consideration their increased risk associated with societal norms.

To achieve success with this novel approach, incorporating user perspectives is essential.

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Prostitutes Dar es Salaam User errors were perceived to be particularly problematic for FSWs given low literacy levels.

These views were not unique to participants in the current study: misgivings about user error with HIVST has also been reported by other key populations in studies across SSA and beyond [ 3651 ].

However, a recent systematic review on HIVST has shown that laypersons can perform HIVST accurately without or with little help or supervision of health care providers [ 35 ]; even though, authors from that study cautioned that accuracy in reading the test must be closely monitored [ 35 ].

Our study supports that note of caution. This study should be viewed in light of some limitations. Since at the time we conducted this study HIVST had not yet been introduced in Tanzania, the knowledge about the self-testing approach was theoretical. Since some FSWs in the study had already been exposed to the combination HIV prevention Prostitutes Dar es Salaam by Sauti program in the study regions, they may have provided what they thought were socially desirable responses, particularly about the uptake of HIV testing.

The study sample for this study was small, which limits the generalizability of Prostitutes Dar es Salaam study to the larger FSWs population in Tanzania.

Therefore, additional research into lived experiences of FSWs using HIVST would be beneficial to build on the findings of this and other exploratory studies. Our study results indicate strong support for the use of HIVST by FSWs if made available in Prostitutes Dar es Salaam, for reasons of convenience time and transport-related cost that will be saved and increased confidentiality.

Enthusiasm toward HIVST went alongside concerns about potential self-harm or harm from others in case of reactive test, as well as apprehension about FSWs ability to interpret test results, in light of low literacy among this population. However, since this study was conducted to Prostitutes Dar es Salaam the feasibility of introducing HIVST, additional research into lived experiences of FSWs using HIVST would be beneficial to build on the findings of this and other exploratory studies.

Shannon K, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants.

Tanzania police begin crackdown on men who pay for sex

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AIDS Care. Shokoohi M, et Prostitutes Dar es Salaam. Correlates of HIV testing among female sex workers in Iran: findings of a national bio-behavioural surveillance survey. PLoS One. Wanyenze RK, et al. Correlates of HIV testing among south African women with high sexual and substance-use risk behaviours. Batona G, et al. Scorgie F, Prostitutes Dar es Salaam al. Culture Health Sexuality. Organization, W. Regional Office for Africa Ameyan W, et al. Attracting female sex workers to HIV testing and counselling in Ethiopia: a qualitative study with sex Prostitutes Dar es Salaam in Addis Ababa.

Chanda MM, et al. Finally, since Dar nightlife kicks off quite late, the best place to start off your evening is at Level 8at the Kempinski hotel tel. With its breezy, elegant layout and scintillating view over the port, this is arguably the best sunset spot in town, where you can Prostitutes Dar es Salaam dhows mingling with cargo ships on the gold-tinged water down below.

Then suddenly the scene is silhouetted by enormous spotlights that illuminate the harbor after dark. Listen to business deals being struck and romantic deals smoothly negotiated.

Uptake of home-based voluntary HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Every Friday night from 9pm, Tanzanian songstress and musician Carola Kinasha brings a bit of magic to the place. Note : This information was accurate when Prostitutes Dar es Salaam was published, but can change without notice.